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The National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws is the technical assistance provider for states developing Prescription Drug Monitoring programs (http://www.natlalliance.org/prescription_drug.asp). State status reports and program summaries can be found here, including a list of the 33 states that have enacted enabling legislation and the 24 states with operational programs (http://www.natlalliance.org/pdfs/Status%20of%20States%20-%20Web%20Version10.pdf).
It looks like a couple of federal acts are involved:
The [National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act of 2005] creates a grant program for states to create prescription drug monitoring databases and enhance existing ones, similar to the Harold Rogers Prescription Drug Monitoring grant program [The Prescription Drug Monitoring Program was created by the FY 2002 U.S. Department of Justice Appropriations Act (Public Law 107-77)]. NASPER authorizes $60 million for the program through fiscal 2010. While the Harold Rogers Grant Program is placed within the Department of Justice, the NASPER program is placed within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS); however, DEA is working closely with HHS to coordinate this new program. http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/program/rx_monitor/faqs.htm